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Criminal code

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about law enforcement procedures. For the 1931 film, see <a href="The_Criminal_Code" title="The Criminal Code">The Criminal Code</a>. For the Italian criminal code of honor, see <a href="Omert%C3%A0" title="Omertà">Omertà</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Penal code" redirects here. For the 1932 film, see <a href="The_Penal_Code" title="The Penal Code">The Penal Code</a>.</div>

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A criminal code or penal code is a document that compiles all, or a significant amount of, a particular jurisdiction's <a href="Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>. Typically a criminal code will contain <a href="Crime" title="Crime">offences</a> that are recognised in the jurisdiction, penalties that might be imposed for these offences, and some general provisions (such as definitions and prohibitions on <a href="Ex_post_facto_law" title="Ex post facto law">retroactive prosecution</a>).<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>

Criminal codes are relatively common in <a href="Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> jurisdictions, which tend to build legal systems around codes and principles which are relatively abstract and apply them on a case-by-case basis. Conversely they are not as common in <a href="Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> jurisdictions. Where a jurisdiction is a <a href="Federation" title="Federation">federation</a>, the <a href="Administrative_division" title="Administrative division">subnational units</a> of such jurisdiction may or may not use separate penal codes. For example, in <a href="India" title="India">India</a>, the entire country (the <a href="Government_of_India" title="Government of India">federal government</a>, states, and union territories) all operate under one criminal code, the <a href="Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita" title="Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita">Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita</a>, and in Canada the process is roughly the same, with the entire country being subject to a single <a href="Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">criminal code</a>. However, in <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, the federal government and the states operate under different criminal codes (for instance, <a href="New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> would not necessarily use the federal criminal code, but rather, <a href="Crimes_Act_1900" title="Crimes Act 1900">its own criminal code.</a>)

The proposed introduction of a criminal code in <a href="England_and_Wales" title="England and Wales">England and Wales</a> was a significant project of the <a href="Law_Commission_(England_and_Wales)" title="Law Commission (England and Wales)">Law Commission</a> from 1968 to 2008. Due to the strong tradition of <a href="Legal_precedent" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal precedent">legal precedent</a> in the <a href="Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a> and consequently the large number of <a href="Binding_precedent" class="mw-redirect" title="Binding precedent">binding</a> <a href="Legal_judgement" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal judgement">legal judgements</a> and ambiguous '<a href="Common_law_offences" class="mw-redirect" title="Common law offences">common law offences</a>', as well as the often inconsistent nature of English law, the creation of a satisfactory code became very difficult. The project was officially abandoned in 2008 although as of 2009 it has been revived.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>

A statutory Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee for <a href="Irish_criminal_law" title="Irish criminal law">Irish criminal law</a> met from 2007 to 2010 and its Draft Criminal Code and Commentary was published in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a>

In the United States, a <a href="Model_Penal_Code" title="Model Penal Code">Model Penal Code</a> exists which is not itself law but which provides the basis for the criminal law of many states. Individual states often choose to make use of criminal codes which are often based, to a varying extent, on the model code.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">Title 18 of the United States Code</a> is the criminal code for federal crimes.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> However, Title 18 does not contain many of the general provisions concerning criminal law that are found in the criminal codes of many so-called "civil law" countries.

Criminal codes are generally supported for their introduction of consistency to legal systems and for making the criminal law more accessible to laypeople.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> A code may help avoid a <a href="Chilling_effect_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chilling effect (law)">chilling effect</a> where <a href="Legislation" title="Legislation">legislation</a> and <a href="Precedent" title="Precedent">case law</a> appears to be either inaccessible or beyond comprehension to non-lawyers. Alternatively critics have argued that codes are too rigid and that they fail to provide enough flexibility for the law to be effective.

Jurisdictions of many countries, such as <a href="Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>, <a href="Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, <a href="Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, <a href="Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, <a href="China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, <a href="Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>, <a href="Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, the <a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>, <a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>, <a href="Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, <a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, the <a href="United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, use different penal codes.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_country">By country</h2></div>

<ul><li><a href="Algeria" title="Algeria"></a> Criminal Code of Algeria</li>

<li><a href="Argentina" title="Argentina"></a> <a href="Penal_Code_of_Argentina" title="Penal Code of Argentina">Penal Code of Argentina</a></li>

<li><a href="Australia" title="Australia"></a> <a href="Criminal_law_of_Australia" title="Criminal law of Australia">Australian criminal codes</a></li>

<li><a href="Austria" title="Austria"></a> Criminal Code of Austria</li>

<li><a href="Belarus" title="Belarus"></a> <a href="Criminal_Code_of_Belarus" title="Criminal Code of Belarus">Criminal Code of Belarus</a></li>

<li><a href="Brazil" title="Brazil"></a> <a href="Penal_Code_of_Brazil" title="Penal Code of Brazil">Penal Code of Brazil</a></li>

<li><a href="British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands"></a> <a href="British_Virgin_Islands_Criminal_Code" title="British Virgin Islands Criminal Code">British Virgin Islands Criminal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Canada" title="Canada"></a> <a href="Criminal_Code_(Canada)" title="Criminal Code (Canada)">Criminal Code (Canada)</a></li>

<li><a href="Chile" title="Chile"></a> Criminal Code of Chile</li>

<li><a href="China" title="China"></a> <a href="Criminal_Law_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China" title="Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China">Criminal Law of the People's Republic of China</a> (<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9B%BD%E5%88%91%E6%B3%95" class="extiw external" title="zh:中华人民共和国刑法">zh</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic"></a> <a href="Law_of_the_Czech_Republic#Criminal_law" title="Law of the Czech Republic">Criminal Code of the Czech Republic</a> (2009)</li>

<li><a href="Denmark" title="Denmark"></a> <a href="Danish_Penal_Code" title="Danish Penal Code">Danish Penal Code</a> (<a href="Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Egypt" title="Egypt"></a> <a href="Egyptian_penal_code" title="Egyptian penal code">Egyptian Penal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="England" title="England"></a> <a href="English_Criminal_Code" title="English Criminal Code">English Criminal Code</a>, a draft has existed since 1989 but, though debated since 1818, has never been enacted</li>

<li><a href="Finland" title="Finland"></a> <a href="Criminal_Code_of_Finland" title="Criminal Code of Finland">Criminal Code of Finland</a></li>

<li><a href="France" title="France"></a> <a href="French_criminal_code" title="French criminal code">French criminal code</a></li>

<li><a href="Germany" title="Germany"></a> <a href="Strafgesetzbuch" title="Strafgesetzbuch">German Criminal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Hungary" title="Hungary"></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/29048832/Criminal-Code-of-the-Republic-of-Hungary">Hungarian Penal Code in English</a>, status of 18 August 2005 ;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111221062330/http://net.jogtar.hu/jr/gen/hjegy_doc.cgi?docid=97800004.TV"> Operative Hungarian Penal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Iceland" title="Iceland"></a> <a href="General_Penal_Code_(Iceland)" title="General Penal Code (Iceland)">General Penal Code (Iceland)</a></li>

<li><a href="India" title="India"></a> <a href="Bharatiya_Nyaya_Sanhita" title="Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita">Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita</a> (Indian Justice Code)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li>

<li><a href="Indonesia" title="Indonesia"></a> <a href="Indonesian_Criminal_Code" title="Indonesian Criminal Code">Indonesian Criminal Code</a> (<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Undang-Undang_Hukum_Pidana" class="extiw external" title="id:Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana">Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana</a>)(<a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitab_Undang-Undang_Hukum_Acara_Pidana" class="extiw external" title="id:Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana">Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Israel" title="Israel"></a> <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A7_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9F" class="extiw external" title="he:חוק העונשין">Israeli Penal Law, 5737-1977</a></li>

<li><a href="Iran" title="Iran"></a> <a href="Judicial_system_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial system of Iran">Iranian Criminal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Iraq" title="Iraq"></a> <a href="Iraqi_Penal_Code" title="Iraqi Penal Code">Iraqi Penal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Italy" title="Italy"></a> <a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codice_penale_italiano" class="extiw external" title="it:Codice penale italiano">Italian Penal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Japan" title="Japan"></a> <a href="Penal_Code_of_Japan" title="Penal Code of Japan">Penal Code of Japan</a></li>

<li><a href="Macau" title="Macau"></a> <a href="Penal_Code_of_Macau" title="Penal Code of Macau">Penal Code of Macau</a></li>

<li><a href="Malaysia" title="Malaysia"></a> <a href="Penal_Code_(Malaysia)" title="Penal Code (Malaysia)">Penal Code (Malaysia)</a>, enacted in 1936.</li>

<li><a href="Maldives" title="Maldives"></a> <a href="Maldives#Law" title="Maldives">Maldives Penal Code</a>, enacted in 1968. Revised on 16 July 2015.</li>

<li><a href="Malta" title="Malta"></a> Criminal Code of Malta, enacted in 1854.</li>

<li><a href="Mexico" title="Mexico"></a> Mexican Penal Code, enacted on August 14, 1931.</li>

<li><a href="Myanmar" title="Myanmar"></a> <a href="Myanmar_Penal_Code" title="Myanmar Penal Code">Myanmar Penal Code</a>, enacted on 1 May 1861</li>

<li><a href="Nepal" title="Nepal"></a> <a href="General_Code_of_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="General Code of Nepal">General Code of Nepal</a></li>

<li><a href="Netherlands" title="Netherlands"></a> Penal Code of the Netherlands (<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetboek_van_Strafrecht_(Nederland)" class="extiw external" title="nl:Wetboek van Strafrecht (Nederland)">Wetboek van Strafrecht</a>)</li>

<li><a href="New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"></a> <a href="Crimes_Act_1961" title="Crimes Act 1961">New Zealand Crimes Act 1961</a></li>

<li><a href="Nigeria" title="Nigeria"></a> <a href="Nigerian_Criminal_Code" title="Nigerian Criminal Code">Nigerian Criminal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Norway" title="Norway"></a> Norwegian Criminal Code</li>

<li><a href="Pakistan" title="Pakistan"></a> <a href="Pakistan_Penal_Code" title="Pakistan Penal Code">Pakistan Penal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Philippines" title="Philippines"></a> <a href="Revised_Penal_Code_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Revised Penal Code of the Philippines">Revised Penal Code of the Philippines</a></li>

<li><a href="Poland" title="Poland"></a> <a href="Polish_Penal_Code" title="Polish Penal Code">Polish Penal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Portugal" title="Portugal"></a> <a href="Penal_Code_of_Portugal" title="Penal Code of Portugal">Penal Code of Portugal</a></li>

<li><a href="Romania" title="Romania"></a> <a href="Penal_Code_of_Romania" title="Penal Code of Romania">Penal Code of Romania</a></li>

<li><a href="Russia" title="Russia"></a> <a href="Criminal_Code_of_Russia" title="Criminal Code of Russia">Criminal Code of Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia"></a> Criminal Code of Saudi Arabia</li>

<li><a href="South_Korea" title="South Korea"></a> <a href="Penal_Code_(South_Korea)" title="Penal Code (South Korea)">Penal Code of South Korea</a></li>

<li><a href="Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka"></a> <a href="Penal_Code_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Penal Code of Sri Lanka">Penal Code of Sri Lanka</a></li>

<li><a href="Singapore" title="Singapore"></a> <a href="Penal_Code_(Singapore)" title="Penal Code (Singapore)">Penal Code of Singapore</a></li>

<li><a href="Spain" title="Spain"></a> <a href="Spanish_Criminal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish Criminal Code">Spanish Criminal Code</a>, enacted for the first time in 1822. Current version dates back to 1995.</li>

<li><a href="Switzerland" title="Switzerland"></a> <a href="Swiss_Criminal_Code" title="Swiss Criminal Code">Swiss Criminal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Syria" title="Syria"></a> <a href="Syrian_Penal_Code" title="Syrian Penal Code">Syrian Penal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Thailand" title="Thailand"></a> <a href="Criminal_Code_of_Thailand" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Code of Thailand">Criminal Code of Thailand</a></li>

<li><a href="Turkey" title="Turkey"></a> <a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCrk_Ceza_Kanunu" class="extiw external" title="tr:Türk Ceza Kanunu">Turkish Penal Code</a></li>

<li><a href="Ukraine" title="Ukraine"></a> <a href="Criminal_Code_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Criminal Code of Ukraine">Criminal Code of Ukraine</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">Title 18 of the United States Code</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="Model_Penal_Code" title="Model Penal Code">Model Penal Code</a> by the <a href="American_Law_Institute" title="American Law Institute">American Law Institute</a></li>

<li><a href="United_States" title="United States"></a> <a href="List_of_U.S._state_statutory_codes" title="List of U.S. state statutory codes">List of U.S. state statutory codes</a></li>

<li><a href="Vietnam" title="Vietnam"></a> Vietnamese Penal Code, first enacted in 1985<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Codification_(law)" title="Codification (law)">Codification</a></li>

<li><a href="Civil_code" title="Civil code">Civil code</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110704025812/http://195.83.177.9/upl/pdf/table_33.pdf">"French Penal Code (ToC)"</a> (PDF). LegiFrance (Eng translation). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://195.83.177.9/upl/pdf/table_33.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2011-07-04.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090416025930/http%3A//www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/newsletter_spring_2009.pdf">"Newsletter"</a> (PDF). Law Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawcom.gov.uk/docs/newsletter_spring_2009.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2009-04-16.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.justice.ie/en/JELR/Pages/PR11000096">"Minister Shatter publishes draft Criminal Code prepared by the Criminal Law Codification Advisory Committee"</a> (Press release). Department of Justice and Equality. 23 June 2011. Retrieved 27 October 2018.</cite>

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